Increased pressure or hypertension: symptoms and treatment

Hypertension is a disease associated with a periodic or constant increase in blood pressure (blood pressure).For some people, increased pressure is the norm, but it is an exception to the rules, and the indicators mentioned for most people are pathological.

The causes and the mechanism for the development of hypertension

In a healthy person, the pressure is normal about 120/80 mm Hg. Art.At physiological and chemical levels, increased pressure is a natural reaction of the body at any danger or stress.In a critical situation, adrenaline is thrown into the blood, the heart begins to function more quickly, the narrow vessels, the muscles contract and the pressure increases.

Regular stress, experiences, lack of sleep, problems - all this can lead to a chronic increase in pressure.However, doctors also call other causes of hypertension: heredity, overweight or obesity, disorders in the thyroid gland, kidneys, magnesium deficiency in the body, taking medication.

The pathogenesis of hypertension is not completely clarified.The hemodynamic base of the increase in blood pressure is an increase in arterial tone due to nerve impulses from the central nervous system along the sympathetic tracks.

In addition to the neurogenic mechanism, other mechanisms that increase blood pressure, in particular humoral, can also be humorous (sequentially).

The renal factor associated with acute ischemia is also important.The inclusion of the renal factor contributes to the development of high and stable blood pressure.The well -known role in the complex pathogenetic mechanism of hypertension is played by the hormones of the cortical layer of the adrenal glands.

Thus, two groups of factors can be distinguished in the mechanism to increase blood pressure in hypertension: neurogenic, which have by the sympathetic nervous system a direct effect on the tone of arterioles, and humoral, associated with the increased secretion of catecholamines and certain other biologically active substances which cause an pressing effect.

The hypertension development mechanism is complicated.Many organs and systems are involved.The degree of damage to various organs for hypertension can be unequal, therefore, several clinical and anatomical variants of hypertension are distinguished: with damage to the vessels of the kidneys, the heart and the brain.

Symptoms

Blood pressure is blood pressure, which depends on the constant shocks of the heart which fulfills its pump function.It gives around 70 to 90 abbreviations per minute.By measuring blood pressure, we take two figures into account: systolic pressure (at the time of the heart muscle contraction) and diastolic pressure (at the time of its relaxation).High blood pressure is commonly called an increase in pressure greater than 140 per 90, respectively.

With increased pressure, a number of these characteristics are generally observed:

• Headache, noise in the ears;
• visual disturbances;
• dizziness;
• Absent -imbededness;
• Deterioration of memory;
• drowsiness;
• blood pressure instability;
• nausea;
• chills;
• swelling of the eyelids, face pockets in the morning;
• heart beating the heart;
• Chills, perspiration, pulsation in the head;
• face redness, internal tension, anxiety, irritability;
• decrease in performance;
• swelling of the limbs, numbness of the fingers;
• Pain in the heart.

If one of these symptoms is observed from time to time, it is not proof of increased pressure.But if you notice the chronic presence of panels, consult a doctor.

The most common sign indicating that the disease is a headache.The second most important symptom of increased pressure is visual perception problems:

• During in the eyes;
• inexplication of objects;
• decrease in peripheral vision;
• Episodes of blindness;
• fog before my eyes;
• Reduce the reaction to light.

Hypertension and hypertension: what is the difference?

Hypertension is a chronic disease with prolonged and persistent blood pressure, and hypertension is a persistent increase in blood pressure (that is, not a diagnosis, but the condition of the body).In fact, these terms are only one and the same thing, only the first indicates the name of the disease, and the second - indicates the fact of increasing blood pressure.

Hypertension hypertension is characterized by current characteristics.While hypertension is an independent disease, high blood pressure is the symptom of a pathological state, which manifests itself precisely in a persistent increase in pressure.

So, to say that it is one and the same thing, it is only possible in the case of a hypertensive crisis.The crisis itself is characterized by a regular increase in pressure (hypertension) and occurs at the same time due to hypertension.

Hypertension steps

For doctors for the right diagnosis, it is necessary to determine the highlighting stage in the patient and to make an appropriate file in his medical card.If hypertension is diagnosed late in the patient, that is to say that in the 2nd or 3rd stage, the consequences of the patient's body will be more serious than if the treatment of hypertension has started at the first stage.However, few patients with hypertension at the initial stage turn to a doctor or at least regularly blood pressure.

The first step

140-150 / 90 mm Hg. Art.When blood pressure fluctuates within these limits, the patient is diagnosed with the first degree of hypertension (light).Hypertonic crises rarely occur, the disease is not minor.

The second step

160-170 / 100-109 mm Hg. Art.- The second degree of hypertension (moderate).Hypertonic attacks are typical.The narrowing of the retinal arteries, the hypertrophy of the left ventricle are objectively recorded.

The third step

200-300 / 129 mm Hg. Art.And above.Severe hypertensive crises (very severe form of hypertension) often develop.The harmful effect causes hypertensive encephalopathy, leveling deficiency, the development of brain vessels, hemorrhoids and edema of the optic nerve, renal failure and kidney failure.

Why is hypertension dangerous?

Doctors argue that the consequences of hypertension threaten the life that AIDS, cancer and combined tuberculosis.The nonsense of this disease is that its symptoms are similar to signs of ordinary overwork.Therefore, about half of hypertension on their illness will learn too late when it is very difficult to treat it and it is almost impossible to stop the processes of destruction of the body it has launched.

The danger of hypertension is that it begins as a violation of the function of regulating blood pressure, but in the future leads to many serious diseases of organs and internal systems, in particular to cardiovascular conditions.Hypertension, which occurs without medical control, can lead to a heart attack, an increase in the heart and, ultimately, heart failure.

The consequences of hypertension are particularly dangerous for those who have harmful factors to the deadly effect on the body of increased blood pressure - smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, frequent stress, high level of cholesterol in the body and diabetes.These people increase the risk of heart attack, stroke and renal failure, blindness and various cognitive disorders - memory reduction, intelligence and performance.

Hypertension is a killer No. 1 among all cardiovascular diseases.Mortality in the past 25 years has increased from 98 to 107 people per 100,000 people.This is notable growth.50% of patients are treated quite effectively, but only 10% reach the target level of blood pressure, that is to say below 130 per 80.

Which doctor is engaged in treatment?

With increased pressure, you should go to a specialist.The therapist performs a preliminary examination of the patient, takes the necessary tests and determines which doctor strengthens.This characteristic is explained by the fact that the therapist is a specialist in several areas of medicine at the same time.

After completing a preliminary inspection, the doctor issues a reference for inspection of other specialists:

• neurologist;
• cardiologist;
• nephrologist;
• Okulist;
• Endocrinologist.

Diagnosis

The simplest diagnostic method is the measurement of blood pressure.If there is a stable increase at 140/90 mm Hg. Art.And above, this means that there is hypertension.

Increased pressure is considered stable when repeated (at least 2 to 3 times in different days for 4 weeks).

The following diagnostic methods are also used to determine the presence of hypertension:

• Urine analysis for proteins and glucose;
• on hemoglobin or hematocritus;
• determination of the level of creatinine or an increase in nitrogen in the blood and urine;
• glucose level during famine;
• electrocardiogram;
• Ultrasound of the heart, kidneys;
• Consultation of an optometrist with a study of bloody vessels.

Blood pressure measurement

Blood pressure measurement with a manual tone (Korotkov method):

1. The cuff of the tonometer should be at the heart of the heart (in the middle of the chest) 2 cm above the elbow.A finger must pass between the cuff and the hand.The armband should cover at least 80% of the circumference of the shoulder and at least 40% of its length.
2. Place the phonondoscope membrane on the pulsation point of the artery of the shoulder.
3. Quickly pump air in the cuff with a pear (don't forget to close the valve in advance) so that the air does not come back to the higher pressure level, 20 mm Hg. Art.Systolic exceeding (depending on the disappearance of the pulse).
4. Slowly release the air from a cuff at a speed of 2 mm Hg. Art.In the dry.The first blow heard corresponds to the value of the higher pressure.The level of tone stops corresponds to the lower pressure.If the tones are very low, you must raise your hand, bend and straighten it several times and repeat the measurement.

Blood and urine tests

A general blood test or a urine test for hypertension will not be informative.It is impossible to determine the cause of the disease by such indicators, but they help discover the stage of the disease.

From a general blood test, you can learn more about the number of forms, as well as the presence of inflammatory processes in the body.

Heart work assessment

There are several methods to assess the work of the heart:

1. Physical diagnosis implies the study of heart muscle using a phonondoscope.The doctor "listens" to the heart, reveals the noise, the disruption of the rhythm.Based on the results of physical diagnostics, the ECG is prescribed.
2. The ECG (electrocardiogram) is also an assessment of the work of the heart muscle, only more detailed.Such a study allows you to identify possible changes over time and fully analyze the work of the heart for a certain period of time.
3. Dopplerography is an effective ultrasound examination which helps to determine the blood condition that goes through the vessels.
4. Arteriography is a radiological method which assesses the state of the arterial walls, reveals atheromatous plates, defects of the arteries.

Eye bottom inspection

Eyes, like the heart, are considered a target organ with hypertension, therefore, during the diagnosis of increased pressure, an eye on the Ifalmologist is examined.As a rule, with hypertension, at the initial stage, the retinal veins and the narrowing of the artery develop.These functional changes are reversible: with the normalization of the pressure, the blood vessels also return to normal.

In the second step, organic changes occur, the condition gets worse.Microanevrisms appear, hemorrhage can occur.

In the third stage, the state of the optic nerve changes, acuity and the field of vision deteriorate, the visual functions are disturbed.

Ultrasound

By ultrasound of the kidneys and adrenal glands, the work of the kidneys is evaluated.Due to increased pressure in the organs, nephrons die from cells that filter the blood of toxins daily.In the end, this can cause kidney failure.

An ultrasound of the kidneys helps to identify volumetric formations in the adrenal glands, severe lesions of the kidney fabric.An ultrasound of the renal arteries is also prescribed.

How to treat hypertension?

Non -drug methods:

• decrease in body weight to normal;
• Refusal to smoke;
• decrease in alcoholic beverages;
• Moderate physical activity (regular walks in fresh air);
• reduction in salt consumption;
• an increase in the supply of plant foods rich in calcium, magnesium and potassium;
• Reduce the consumption of animal fats.

Medicinal therapy is prescribed if non-valley methods have no effect, or if the patient has risk factors for the development of diabetes, hypertensive crisis, renal lesions and coronary atherosclerosis.

Drug

The development of drugs for hypertension has been hard for more than a dozen years.But today, the problem of developing new more effective and safe means of reduction and pressure control is always acutely medicine and pharmacology.

Today, there is a broadest assortment of these drugs, but all differ in the type of exposure, efficiency, indications and contraindications.Their cost plays an important role.Consequently, for each patient, the doctor selects an individual drug treatment diagram of hypertension, based mainly on the causes of his presence:

1. Diuretics.These drugs partially block calcium channels, having a vasodilating effect.They are recommended if there are vascular diseases at the same time as hypertension, but the means are contraindicated for people who have undergone a myocardial infarction.
2. ACE inhibitors (enzyme angiotenzinzinoprofing).Reduce the production of an enzyme that stimulates a decrease in the elasticity of blood vessels.They are very effective, well tolerated by patients with hypertension, affect the cardiovascular system favorably.They are often recommended after a myocardial infarction, as well as with increased pressure in the context of diabetes.
3. Beta-adrenosaers.Reduce heart rate and reduce their strength.They have a wide range of applications and are recommended for angina, tachycardia, after a heart attack, in the context of heart failure.
4. Drugs for reducing emergency pressure.This includes the extract from Root of Mother, Valerian, peony.

Diet

A special product for hypertension is oven potatoes.This product is rich in potassium - the most important element traces which regulates the metabolism of water salt in the body.

The main nutritional elements of hypertension are potassium, calcium, magnesium.It is these trace elements that considerably contribute to a decrease in blood pressure.

The diet for hypertension implies the rejection of fast food products, which are generally overloaded with sodium, and it helps to increase the pressure.In addition, the diet must be saturated with products, also rich in calcium and magnesium:

• Grain - bread, rice, wheat of solid varieties;
• dried fruits and leaf vegetables;
• weak meat and poultry;
• low dairy products;
• Nuts and legumes.

Treat with great caution towards fatty food, as well as candies.

Doctors claim that compliance with a diet helps maintain pressure within normal limits and thus reduces the risk of cerebral vascular accidents by almost 40% and 30% heart attacks.

Life

All patients with blood pressure indicators are greater than 120-130 per 80 to 64 mm Hg. Art.You have to change your emergency lifestyle and familiar nutrition for them.This consists in limiting smoking and drinking alcohol, a good compilation of a full -fledged diet, physical exercises.

A healthy lifestyle for hypertension, as for any chronic disease, is one of the main factors of effective treatment.Therefore, changes are considered a critical step in the processing process, as well as prevention of blood pressure.

Folk remedies

Most patients with hypertension take special medicines, but you can also fight the disease using well -known folk remedies.Consider some effective recipes:

1. Flax seeds.They contain a large amount of fatty acids from the omega-3 group.They contribute to an increase in the level of lipoproteins of increased blood density, which is a prevention of the increase in cholesterol and the formation of atherosclerotic complications on the walls of blood vessels.The body cannot synthesize this substance itself, so it is important to ensure that it is delivered with food.In linen seeds, the amount of omega-3 is 25% of the weight more relatively inexpensive and well absorbed.Take linen seeds of 3 tablespoons per day in chopped form.
2. Red gable dye.Helps normalize blood pressure and adjust postal states.The dye is prepared like this:
• Gather the raw materials during the summer months, rinse under running water and pour into a liter jar;
• Pour vodka or alcohol to 40 degrees, then put a dark place;
• Insist 2 to 3 weeks at room temperature;
• Before you start taking, go to the gauze, doubled.
• The properly prepared dye must be dark red.Take 3 times a day half an hour before meals on a teaspoon.You can mix with water or tea.
3. Garlic.If you take garlic regularly, this stimulates blood flow in the vessels, prevents deposit on their oxidative degradation walls of degradation.The properties scrambled near the garlic help to prevent blood clots.The constant use of garlic cloves helps lower blood pressure from 7 to 8%.


You can also cook the garlic infusion:

• Two garlic teeth are finely chopped and pour a glass of boiled water;
• Let him support 12 hours;
• In the morning, drink and prepare a new infusion.
• The course is one month.Take a drink twice a day.
4. Cranberry and honey lemon.Grate the lemon and mix the spoon with a spoonful of cranberries.Add half a tablespoon of fresh roseharh, a glass of honey and have a tablespoon of the product in the morning and in the evening.
5. Plantain.Take 4 tablespoons of crushed plantain leaves.Pour a glass of vodka and let the composition infuse for two weeks in a dark place.Filter the mixture and use 30 drops three times a day.

Forecast

The prognosis of hypertension in the direction of absolute recovery is generally unfavorable.It is only at the stage of the transistor is the complete cessation of the subsequent development of the possible disease.However, modern treatment methods allow you to slow down the progression of the disease, prevent the development of complications, relieve the condition of patients and maintain their ability to work for a long time.

The forecasts of the renal variant of the course are very unfavorable, especially when renal arteriolosclerosis develops.The forecasts are aggravated by the adhesion of atherosclerosis at any stage of hypertension.

Prevention measures for hypertension

The prevention of hypertension is divided into primary and secondary.Primary prevention must be healthy - those whose pressure does not yet exceed normal numbers.The healing measurement complex below will not only help maintain normal pressure, but also get rid of excess weight and considerably improve the overall well: be well:

• Low -salt content diet;
• limitation of animal fats;
• exercise;
• psychological unloading;
• rejection of bad habits;
• Weight control.

Secondary measures aim to maintain blood pressure in the standard in hypertensive patients, exclusion of hypertensive crises and the prevention of complications from the disease.Secondary prevention - The inclusion of psychological training which contributes to moral and emotional unloading, physiotherapy procedures, treatment in sanatoriums, the use of sedatives that improve sleep, to the use of traditional medicine (hawthick, peony, Valerian, mother) and daily control of pressure indicators.

If you pay attention to hypertension in a timely manner and start treating it, you can avoid serious consequences.Pressure problems are resolved not only by drugs, but to a greater extent due to a healthy and correct lifestyle and their health control.